Thangka painting is an amalgamation of both art and faith, where the artist paints with precision, asteady hand, an eye for detail and an unshakable belief in Buddhist teachings.
Thangka craftsmen have faithfully re-created Tibetan religious icons for generations,passing down the art from masters to apprentices in a heritage chain that still keepstight links today. Cui Jia finds out more about the passion and the motivation thatdrive these devout artists.
Yuton carefully dips his tiny paintbrush into a pot of clean water, and holds his breath as he justas carefully fills in the color on the thangka in front of him.
The Tibetan art of religious painting requires a precise hand and a strong faith, and it has beenpassed down through an elite group of craftsmen for more than 600 years. The composition ofeach piece is highly geometric, and all the elements such as the arms, legs, eyes, nose, ears ofthe Buddha, and the various ritualistic implements, are laid out on a systematic grid of anglesand lines.
Yuton is 20 years old and he has been a thangka apprentice for just three years, so he is onlyallowed to fill in the background colors. The more delicate details will be left to older apprenticesand to his master, Nyima Gyndo. Because thangka art is explicitly religious, all symbols andallusions must be in accordance to strict guidelines laid out in the Buddhist scripture, and it willtake a lifetime of learning to remember them all.
Yuton works quietly in a corner of one of many thangka workshops in the famous Barkhor Streetin Lhasa, capital of the Tibet autonomous region. His dream is to own a thangka workshop andhave his own apprentices one day. Unlike Nyima Gyndo, his teacher and the owner of theworkshop who has already painted thangkas for more than 35 years, Yuton still has a long wayto go.
Yongten has overcome incredible odds to become a thangka artist, and he wants to learn all he can sohe can bring it back home to Qinghai.
Gyndo's senior apprentice, Gyasto, 31, has been with him for 17 years. To him, the master hasentrusted the task of filling out the eyes of the image, highlighting them with powdered gold. Thecolors used for thangka painting are water-soluble, and both mineral and organic pigments areused, tempered with a herb and glue solution.
Dotting the eyes of the Buddha is the finishing touch.
"It is a very important step because it brings theimages to life, and no mistake is allowed," Gyastosays.The sizes of the canvases are rigidly controlled. On average, amedium-sized thangka measuring 90cm by 63cm will take threeartists in the workshop three months to complete.
A skilled thangka artist will generally select from a variety of setitems to include in the composition, ranging from alms bowls andanimals, to the shape, size and angle of a figure's eyes, noseand lips.
"It is all about attention to details and a fine thangka artist needsto think of Buddha with his every stroke because it is not just apainting," Gyasto says. "To become a thangka painter is verydemanding, let alone become a master."
There is also the exactness of the demands. One rule requiresthat the height of the Buddha must be equal to the width of 125of his fingers, whereas his face is to be exactly as tall as thewidth of 12.5 fingers. An apprentice can only achieve suchprecision after practicing for years.
Yuton is from Lhasa's Tohling Dechen county and he picked upthe paintbrush when he was 17 because thangka artists arehighly respected in Tibet, where the majority of the population isBuddhist.
"Being a thangka artist is a lifestyle choice and I will do this forthe rest of my life," Yuton says with confidence. Many of hisfriends chose to go to university or work in factories aftergraduating from high school.
Yuton has chosen a hard discipline. Thangka artists must have proper training in not justtechnical skills but also in religious knowledge. The artists pray before starting to paint a newthangka, often on a specially picked auspicious day in the Tibetan calendar.
For Yuton, the day starts at 9 am, and the first thing he has to do is to pray and read Buddhistscripture to put him in the right frame of mind.
"My teacher told me to listen to Buddha's voice when I draw," he says, with reverence. After anhour of compulsory scripture reading, he will start painting under the guidance of his master, orthe senior disciples.
"Young thangka artists like Yuton are easily distracted these days with things like mobile phonesor comupter games," Gyasto says. "They are definitely less focused than when I was anapprentice at their age."
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